There are two main types of 3DCP: powder-based 3D printing technique and extrusion-based nozzle-printing technique. These practical superiorities of 3DCP make it more prospective in the future construction industry. In this context, 3D concrete printing (in short 3DCP) technology, firstly conceived by Josepgh, was developed rapidly in recent years benefiting from its low labor and cost, easy construction, framework-free and accommodation to complicated structures. In the past decade, engineers and researchers took enormous efforts to address the labor shortage by devising innovative construction technologies. Additionally, it is found that the printed UHDC performed minimal anisotropy in flexural strength, but significant anisotropy in flexural deformability, compressive and flexural energy dissipation capacity.ĭue to the aging of population, labor shortage has become a great challenge in construction industry. It is of interest that the deformability and energy dissipation of the printed UHDC at some directions are higher than those of mold-cast UHDC. The results indicate that the tensile strength, flexural strength and shear strength of the printed specimens were slightly lower than those of mold-cast specimens, while reverse tendency was observed in compressive strength.
#Cone and crumb series#
A series of mechanical tests, including uniaxial tensile test, compressive test, flexural test and double shear test, were carried out to investigate the anisotropic-mechanical properties of the printed UHDC. Flowability tests were conducted to determine optimal open time range for continuous printing. This study developed a novel ultra-high ductile concrete (UHDC) for 3D concrete printing, which was modified using crumb rubber to possess high ductility.
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